Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date?

Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date? The ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashioned and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation today. Is this really the case? Consider the above statement through a critical examination of practices which can be identified in work today. In your analysis, you should draw upon appropriate academic material, and also other sources which can help in identifying current practices. These can include your own experiences from work, those of family relatives and friends, weblogs, working life diaries, newspaper articles and other media reports. Classical Management Theory is a Body of  management  thought based on the belief that  employees  have only  economical  and physical  needs, and that social needs and need for  job-satisfaction  either dont exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school  advocates  high  specialization of labor, centralized  decision making, and  profit maximization. (www.businessdictionary.com) To have originated at the end of the nineteenth century and in the beginning of the twentieth century, the Classical Management Theory dominated management thinking in the 1920s and 1930s by emphasising on the efficiency of the work process. Classical Management Theory has three schools of thought, Scientific Management, which identifies the best way to do a line of work; Bureaucratic Management, which focuses on rules and procedure, hierarchy and clear division of labour; and Administrative Management, which emphasises the flow of information within the organisation. (www.le hren.org) The aim of this essay is to discuss the three schools of thought of Classical Management Theory and to find out that whether they have really become outdated and are of little relevance to work and organisation in todays world. Frederick Taylor is known as the begetter of Scientific Management. Taylors approach was to increase organisational productiveness by raising the efficiency level of the production process through emphasising on the empirical research. Especially in the United States where labour was in short supply, especially the skilled labour, at the start of the twentieth century and the only way of increasing productivity was by raising the efficiency of the workers. Scientific Management states that the line of work should be designed in such a way that every worker has a well-controlled and well-stipulated task, and specific methods and procedures are strictly followed for each job. (www.lehren.org; Cole, 2004) Taylors management theory is founded upon a fundamental belief that managers not only are intellectually better than an average employee, but they have a positive duty as well to oversee staff and to organise their work activities. Therefore, his theory was only used on low-level repet itive and routine tasks which could be easily managed at supervisory level. Taylor developed four principles for his theory of Scientific Management. First principle is to scientifically develop best methodology to perform each task. Second principle is that managers should make sure that the best person is picked to perform the task and to make sure that he/she gets the best training. Third principle is that managers are responsible for assuring that the best person selected for the job does it by applying the best methodology. Last principle Taylor developed was that total responsibility for the work method should be removed from the worker and should be passed on to the management, and the employee is only responsible for the actual work performance. (Cole, 2004; Boddy, 2005) On production-line time studies Taylor has based his management system. Taylor contrived the best and quickest methods of performing each component by breaking down each job into its components and applying time study as his base. He also tried to persuade employers to pay a higher rate to more productive workers. In the early parts of twentieth century Scientific Management Theory became very popular as its use was shown to lead to improvements in productivity and efficiency in organisations and businesses. Max Weber is known as the father of Modern Sociology. He had first used the term bureaucracy to describe an organisational form which in his view was superior to others. He viewed an ideal organisation to be bureaucratic whose divisions of labour were clearly expressed and whose objectives and activities were rationally thought. He believed that performance evaluation should entirely be made on the basis of merit and that technical competence should be emphasized on. The key elements of a bureaucracy are defined by Weber as: A clear chain of command within a well-defined hierarchy where the top post holders have the authority and the right to control the lower post holders; Specialisation of skills and clear division of labour, where every employee will have the authority and essential expertise to finish a particular task; In writing, accurate and complete rules and regulations, to control and govern all decisions, activities and situations; Distant relationships between employees a nd managers, with clear duties of personnel and statements of the rights; And all the decisions regarding selection, recruitment and promotion will be made on the basis of technical competence. The framework Weber provided for his theory of Bureaucratic Management advanced the formation of many huge corporations such as Ford. (www.lehren.org; Stoner et al, 1996) Henri Fayol a French industrialist was one of the most influential management thinkers who developed one of the Classical Management Theory known as Administrative Management. Scientific Management theory was concerned with increasing the productiveness of the shop floor while Fayols theory grew out of the need to find guidelines to manage complex organisations like factories. An early effort pioneered by Fayol was to identify the skills and principles that underlie effective management. According to Cole (2004), Fayol believed that sound management falls into certain patterns which once identified can be analysed, so he focused on management of business operations, which he felt had been the most neglected. He developed fourteen general principles of management based on his management experience. It was generally believed that mangers are born not made, before Fayol. He insisted that management was a skill like other skills which could be taught and learned once the principles under lying it were understood. The ideas Classical Theorists have presented still have many applications in the management of todays organisations but with some modifications. Managers of today are facing many internal challenges which are similar to the ones faced by the managers during earlier periods. Like Taylors concern for increase productivity of workers is still shared by managers. The Scientific Management theory is still relevant, even today but it is not as popular as it was in the past. The job design it presented is still widely used in industries today and has made most of the industrial work repetitive, tedious, menial and depressing, and can be noted for example in fast-food restaurants like KFC and McDonald and in assembly lines of automobile manufacturers. McDonalds divides its operation into a number of tasks such as operating a deep fryer or cooking operation, supervising and assign people to perform the tasks. The modern mass automobile assembly lines pour out finished merchandises faster than Taylor could have ever thought off or imagined. In addition to this, the efficiency techniques of Scientific Management are used in the training of Surgeons. Armies in the past employed the Scientific Management theory and armies of today still employ the same theory. Of the main points listed select workers with appropriate or necessary skills for each job, a standard method to perform each task, training for standard task, eliminating interruptions and wage incentive for increasing output and planning work all but wage incentives are used by modern military for increased output. Wage incentives usually appear in the form of skill bonuses in armies. Furthermore, industrial engineers of today are also taught Scientific Management methods which include job-tasks analysis, time and motion studies and detailed production planning regarding the field of operation research and management. In United States Bureaucratic Management is still used by service-based organisations like libraries. Libraries of Wichita State University are one concrete example where Webers Bureaucratic Management ideas are still applied. Postal service in United States is also still using bureaucracy. (www.biz.colostate.edu) Piece rate and mass production line systems are still being used in the manufacturing and garment industries of Mauritius. Sea-food hub is another industry where the Classical Management Theories are also applied. But since the emergence and formulation of the Classical Management Theories in the nineteenth century the economic landscape has rapidly changed. Businesses of today do not exist in a vacuum. They have become open systems with dynamic and constant interaction with the environment. Business environment of today is highly competitive and global, and managers of today are increasingly becoming aware of the business environment and its effects. There are two types of business environment known as the internal and the external environment. Factors that can be relatively controlled by the organisation relates to the internal environment. These factors are the employees, owners, customers, suppliers, pressure groups and authorities. The external environment constitutes of Political, Economical, Social and Technological (PEST) factors that cannot be controlled by the organisation. (Boddy, 2005) Business environment of today is characterised with uncertainty, changes and innovation. At the same time concern about the natural environment has also emerged worldwide. Current natural concerns are climate changes, pollution, ozone depletion and other global issues like population and food security. It is becoming more challenging because of the commotion in the financial sector and global economic slowdown. Businesses must adapt to the environment at all cost or die. As McDonalds have concluded managers of today have to be concerned not only with the scientific facts but with the environment and the public perception. The business environment in todays world is becoming exceedingly competitive and tough for organisations. The level of competition in almost every sector is intensifying. New opportunities and threats are being created constantly due to the changes in technology. Every aspect of the business environment is sweeping with rapid change and prompting the managers to rethink the ways in which they do things. Smart companies are those which are working hard to improve their productivity, efficiency, testing new initiatives and adapting to the changing environment and technology in order to differentiate themselves from the competitors existing in these highly competitive business environments. The command and control style of management which was presented in the Classical Management Theories will work in an environment where there is plenty of room for error and both competition and change is limited, but in todays age of communication and computing it is impossible for such a case to exist. Things are changing very quickly in todays business environment and profit margins for organisations are reducing, and in addition to this more and more things are happening on a continuous basis. So due to the rapid pace at which changes are occurring, it has become important for organisations to push down decision-making to the level in the organisation that has all of the relevant information at the time when a decision has to be made. This calls for quiet different management attitudes, and demands for a flexible and democratic point of view and that accountability must be delegated, but all these things are not present in the Classical Management Theories. So for organisations to compete successfully with other organisations at national and international level, managers must act as entrepreneurs and try to create new business models that is to re-plan, strategize, rethink, learn continuously and innovate. The most important source for businesses to gain competitive advantage and sustainable development is innovation and innovative management. The theories presented by the classical theorists cannot cope with the dramatic and rapid changes of the business environment. Every procedure, standard ratio, process and rule of thumb is being challenged and re-engineered. Classical Management Theories which once were reliable guides for managers now are not enough for mangers to base their decisions and take actions upon them. So to conclude, organisations today are mostly influenced by the external environment (continuous technology change, globalisation, fierce market share competition, hiring and retaining front line workers and executives) that often fluctuate with time. Yet Classical Management Theories only portrays the image of an organisation that is not shaped by the external influences. In todays world of Classical Management Theories are gradually fading and the principal reason behind this is that people and their needs are considered as secondary to the needs of an organisation by Classical theorists. Nowadays, Human Resource Management has also very seriously challenged the scientific approach. Furthermore, in organisations the Bureaucratic Management is rapidly giving way to the Matrix structure. However, Classical Management Theories are still important because they had introduced the concepts of management for intellectual analysis and provided ideas which were further developed by the sub sequent management schools of thought. References Boddy, D. (2005), Management An Introduction. 3rd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Classic School Of Management, [online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/classical-school-of-management.html [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Cole, G.A. (2004). Management: Theory and Practice. 6th ed. London: Thomson Learning Management Evolution, [online] Available at: http://www.biz.colostate.edu [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Module: Fundamentals of Organisation. [online] Available at: http://lehren.org/foundations/fundamentals.htm [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Stoner, J.A.F., et al (1996). Management. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Framework and Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix Essay

The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help them evaluate the consequences of and accept the responsibility for their actions and choices. (AAE, 2014) Educators should be committed to the profession of teaching and learning. They should be professionally active, life-long learners and seek opportunities for professional development. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : 1 I believe an individual who has the calling on their heart to teach, should be dedicated to his/her students. They should be dedicated to their profession just the same so as to further their education in any manner possible, thus better educating the students. The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help them evaluate the consequences of and accept the responsibility for their actions and choices. (AAE, 2014) The professional educator, in exemplifying ethical relations with colleagues, accords just and equitable treatment to all members of the profession. (AAE, 2014) Educators should model integrity by their words and actions. They should be forthright with others and uphold high standards of trust, character, and integrity. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : Honesty is key to all facets of one’s life. Honesty is imperative, for without it, a teacher cannot be trusted by a co-worker, a parent and most of all, the student. And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. John 8:32 (KJV) The professional educator assumes responsibility and accountability for his or her performance and continually strives to demonstrate competence. The professional educator endeavors to maintain the dignity of the profession by respecting and obeying the law, and by demonstrating personal integrity. The professional educator, in exemplifying ethical relations with colleagues, accords just and equitable treatment to  all members of the profession. The professional educator endeavors to understand and respect the values and traditions of the diverse cultures represented in the community and in his or her classroom. (AAE, 2014) Educators should exercise sound judgment and ethical behavior. They should be a positive role model within their community. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : I believe the teacher is the role model within the classroom and should conduct their attitude and behavior with this fact in mind. Although it is my contention that a student’s role model should be the parent at home, this right is not afforded to all. Therefore, the teacher should conduct themselves with the realization that they may be the only Bible that a student may see†¦ or read. Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of Christ†¦ Philippians 1:27 The professional educator does not intentionally expose the student to disparagement. The professional educator endeavors to present facts without distortion, bias or personal prejudice. The professional educator endeavors to understand and respect the values and traditions of the diverse cultures represented in the community and in his or her classroom. (AAE, 2014) Educators should promote social justice and equity, maintain appropriate standards of confidentiality, and exercise fairness in all areas including assessment. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : Fairness is imperative within the classroom setting, so that each student sees they are getting the same equal opportunity to learn. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. Galatians 3:28 (KJV). The professional educator assumes responsibility and accountability for his or her performance and continually strives to demonstrate competence. The professional educator continues professional growth. (AAE, 2014) Educators should believe that all students can learn and should set and support realistic expectations for student success. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : The student expects greatness of the teacher. The teacher expects greatness from each of his/her students. The teacher needs to have high expectations for themselves, so they can continually support the learning by the student. I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me. Philippians 4:13 The professional educator recognizes that quality education is the common goal of the public, boards of education, and educators, and that a cooperative effort is essential among these groups to attain that goal. The professional educator does not interfere with a colleague’s freedom of choice, and works to eliminate coercion that forces educators to support actions and ideologies that violate individual professional integrity. (AAE, 2014) Educators should demonstrate professional friendliness, warmth, and genuine caring in their relationships with others while providing intellectual, emotional, and spiritual support. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : For as self-involved as a student can seem, they are very aware of the attitude that an adult carries themselves with. Showing a genuine interest in each student and their interests outside the classroom can help a teacher better know how to educate the student. And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ’s sake hath forgiven you. Ephesians 4:32 (KJV). The professional educator deals considerately and justly with each student, and seeks to resolve problems, including discipline, according to law and school policy. The professional educator makes concerted efforts to communicate to parents all information that should be revealed in the interest of the student. (AAE, 2014) Educators should promote and support curiosity and encourage active inquiry. They should be able to think innovatively and creatively, using critical thinking as a problem-solving approach. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority  ranking : Curiosity can and should be resolved in the classroom so the student can learn. Curiosity on the part of the parent about their child – revealing the answers so they can better understand what and how their child is learning and progressing in their educational experience. It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter. Proverbs 25:2 (KJV) References Association of American Educators’ Four Principles of Ethical Teachers, 2014. LaPrade, K., (2011). GCU College of Education Conceptual Framework, 16-20.

A Story Of Sonny In Sonnys Blues - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 782 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Sonny's Blues Essay Did you like this example? The anonymous storyteller of the story finds from a daily paper that his more youthful sibling, Sonny, has been captured for offering and utilizing heroin. The storyteller recalls Sonny as a young man as he teaches his students and recalls that his students, could one way or another end up like Sonny, given the impediments and hardships they confront in Harlem. Toward the end of the school day, the storyteller heads home, however he sees that one of Sonnys old companions, who is in every case high and grimy, is sitting tight for him by the school. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Story Of Sonny In Sonnys Blues" essay for you Create order The two men walk together, discussing Sonny. The storyteller at the same time abhors and feels sorry for Sonnys companion, who, regardless of his issues, makes it horrendously obvious to the storyteller exactly how troublesome Sonnys medication dependent life has been. Time passes, however the storyteller never keeps in touch with Sonny in jail until the storytellers young little girl, Grace, is deceased. The storyteller is kept in Harlem and is caught inside himself, unfit to express his feelings or satisfy his commitments as a sibling until the point that his daughters passing gives him the inspiration he needs to change. Sonny composes a long letter back to his sibling in which he endeavors to clarify how he wound up where he is. The two siblings at that point remain in steady correspondence. At the point when Sonny escapes imprison, the storyteller is there for him. Yet, when he smiled, when we shook hands, the baby brother Id never known looked out from the depths of his private life, like an animal waiting to be coaxed into the light. The narrator, admits that he never really knew his child sibling, despite the fact that he can see hints of him covered underneath the haziness of jail life and medication compulsion. Its a difficult ack nowledgment, one that he is compelled to stand up to now that Sonny has progressed toward becoming, somewhat, his obligation. Another reason the narrator took in his brother was because of the promise he made his mother. His mother told him that when his father was younger, he watched his own brother get ran over by a car full of white men who never bothered to stop. While living with his sister-in-law, Sonny begins playing hooky in school and confesses to investing all his energy in Greenwich Village, hanging out with artists. The two battled, and Sonny acknowledged that he felt like a burden to the family. A couple days later Sonny joined the naval force. The narrator didnt know whether Sonny was in any condition until the point when he got a postcard from Greece. After the war, the two siblings came back to New York, yet they didnt see each other for a long while. When they in the end met, they quarreled over Sonnys choices throughout everyday life.Light and darkness are in steady strain all through Sonnys Blues, and Baldwin utilizes them to feature the glow, expectation, anguish, and gloom that check his characters lives. After one particularly troublesome battle, Sonny told his sibling that he could think of him as dead starting there on. The storyteller left, disclosing to himself that one day Sonny would require his assistance. Th e flashback closes there. Subsequent to having Sonny live with him for half a month, the storyteller discusses whether he should look through Sonnys room. As he paces forward and backward, he sees a road corner restoration happening outside his window and contemplates its importance. In the long run Sonny returns home and welcomes his sibling to watch him perform later that night. The two siblings go to a little jazz club where everybody knows and regards Sonny. Sonny and the band get in front of an audience and play, and as they play, the storyteller watches Sonny battle with the music. The narrator portrays a glass sitting over Sonnys piano as shaking like the plain measure of trembling to feature what a troublesome and convoluted position Sonny is in. This picture is acquired from the Bible, where the measure of trembling is utilized as an image to portray the agony and dread that have tormented the general population. The scriptural entry guarantees a help from that misery, yet Baldwins utilization of the measure of trembling as an image is less plain. Sonnys drinking from the measure of trembling fills in as an indication of all the misery he has continued, while likewise offering the shot for recovery and peace.He observes all his siblings battles come spilling out as he plays, and at exactly that point does he at last acknowledge sonnys identity and what hes made of.

Ethics in Supply Chain Management - 2776 Words

1.0 Executive Summary Due to the changing in business model of Multi-national Corporations (MNCs) and lack in supply chain management, MNCs have been criticized as behaving unethically in some situations. It makes a very bad impact on the business and it can destroy the brand image of the corporation. In order to determine the cause and solve this problem, I will examine the ethic of largest computing corporation (Apple) in its relationship with its main manufacture (Foxconn). Then, I will try to consider and apply due diligence in supply chain management carefully to solve their unethical situations. Other hand, I will analysis the impact of supply chain issues to Apple’s stakeholder. Thereby proving the importance of applied the Due†¦show more content†¦However in this case, U.S’ and Chinese government have shown their weakness in governing corporations. Base on justice theory, the government needs to keep the equality of the law is made for everyone; no one is treated differently under the law. (Baeuchamp, et al., 2009). All governments have legislation to protect labour and laws governing ethical business practices such as Transparency in supply chains act, United States labor law, or Labour contract law of the Peoples Republic of China. And they need to implement laws to protect workers and the environment. With the unethical issues of Apple and its largest manufactures, Foxconn, media played a very important role in changing the attitudes and actions of Apple and Foxconn. The accusations were published in many long articles in The New York Times that show readers the unethical practices in supply chain of Apple. Writers have called to the attention of the public, social, consumer to problems happening in Foxconn. Other hand, they have called for boycott with Apple’s products if no changes in supply chain management. They action based on utilitarianism and informational justices. They bring the truth to all people and they give equal information to everyone (Baeuchamp, et al., 2009). Their warning made changing gradually of Apple and Foxconn in the supply chain as they pay more attention to the changing work environment, manageShow MoreRelatedEthics in Supply Chain Management2768 Words   |  12 PagesCorporations (MNCs) and lack in supply chain management, MNCs have been critic ized as behaving unethically in some situations. It makes a very bad impact on the business and it can destroy the brand image of the corporation. In order to determine the cause and solve this problem, I will examine the ethic of largest computing corporation (Apple) in its relationship with its main manufacture (Foxconn). Then, I will try to consider and apply due diligence in supply chain management carefully to solve theirRead MoreAccounatbility in the Global Supply Chain1017 Words   |  5 PagesQ4. 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